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not war

  • 1 make love-not war!

    make love-not war! (älska varandra-strid inte med varandra, hippislogan från 60-talet)

    English-Swedish dictionary > make love-not war!

  • 2 make love not war

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > make love not war

  • 3 make love-not war!

    עשו אהבה-לא מלחמה (סיסמת ההיפים בשנות ה-60)
    * * *
    ◙ (06-ה תונשב םיפיהה תמסיס) המחלמ אל-הבהא ושע◄

    English-Hebrew dictionary > make love-not war!

  • 4 make love-not war!

    maak liefde - geen oorlog! (leus van de hippies in de zestiger jaren)

    English-Dutch dictionary > make love-not war!

  • 5 Make Love, not War

    "Лучше любовь, чем война"
    Один из популярных лозунгов движения хиппи [ hippies] и сексуальной революции 60-х гг. XX в.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Make Love, not War

  • 6 LIBERTY NOT WAR

    Свободу вместо войны ( надпись на майке)

    Difficulties of the English language (lexical reference) English-Russian dictionary > LIBERTY NOT WAR

  • 7 MAKE LOVE NOT WAR

    Любовь, а не война ( надпись на майке)

    Difficulties of the English language (lexical reference) English-Russian dictionary > MAKE LOVE NOT WAR

  • 8 war of choice

    •• war of choice, of necessity

    •• * Из телерепортажа NBC News: Mr. Bush defended the invasion of Iraq, saying it was a “ war of necessity”. Это словосочетание существует не само по себе, а, как правило, в антонимической паре с a war of choice. См., например, название статьи бывшего зам. министра обороны США Л. Корба в Washington Post A War of Choice or of Necessity? Вот две цитаты из этой статьи:
    •• Eight months after the Bush administration got us involved in a bloody war in Iraq, we are now told by one of Secretary of State Colin L. Powell’s closest advisers that Iraq was a war of choice after all. <...> On Nov. 4 Wolfowitz stated: “But one of the things that Sept. 11 changed was that it made it a war of necessity, not a war of choice.”
    •• A war of necessity в принципе можно перевести как необходимая война, но хотелось бы сохранить эффект антонимии, т.е. нужно «зеркальное» прилагательное для перевода a war of choice. Необязательная война, по-моему, не годится. На мой взгляд, предпочтителен несколько тяжеловесный, но точный вариант война, которой можно [ было] избежать (кстати, так называлась книга Е.М. Примакова о первой войне в Заливе). Тогда a war of necessity – неизбежная война. И все же перевод высказывания Вольфовица не так прост. Может быть, так: Но после 11 сентября у нас уже не было выбора – этой войны просто нельзя было избежать. Возможно и сохранение антонимии в лаконичном варианте: ...война стала для нас не выбором, а обязанностью.
    •• Интересно словосочетание a war president. Пример из статьи Дж. Уилла в Washington Post A War President’s Job:
    •• Since Sept. 11, 2001, Americans have been told that they are at war. They have not been told what sacrifices, material and emotional, they must make to sustain multiple regime changes and nation-building projects. Telling such truths is part of the job description of a war president.
    •• Поскольку варианты военный президент (или президент войны) и президент страны, находящейся в состоянии войны не подходят (один неверен, другой слишком длинен), приходится остановиться на варианте президент военного времени. Кстати, встречается и wartime president:
    •• Bush must now choose if he will be a wartime president like his father – or unlike his father and like Ronald Reagan. (www.americasvoices.org)
    •• Сам Буш предпочитает war president, так что мы имеем дело, по крайней мере отчасти, с «самоназванием»:
    •• Mr Bush said he was a “ war president” and the top issue for voters should be the use of American power in the world. <...> “I’m a war president. I make decisions here in the Oval Office in foreign policy matters with war on my mind,” he said. (BBC) -«Я президент военного времени. Сидя в Овальном кабинете и принимая решения по внешней политике, я должен учитывать, что идет война».

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > war of choice

  • 9 war of necessity

    •• war of choice, of necessity

    •• * Из телерепортажа NBC News: Mr. Bush defended the invasion of Iraq, saying it was a “ war of necessity”. Это словосочетание существует не само по себе, а, как правило, в антонимической паре с a war of choice. См., например, название статьи бывшего зам. министра обороны США Л. Корба в Washington Post A War of Choice or of Necessity? Вот две цитаты из этой статьи:
    •• Eight months after the Bush administration got us involved in a bloody war in Iraq, we are now told by one of Secretary of State Colin L. Powell’s closest advisers that Iraq was a war of choice after all. <...> On Nov. 4 Wolfowitz stated: “But one of the things that Sept. 11 changed was that it made it a war of necessity, not a war of choice.”
    •• A war of necessity в принципе можно перевести как необходимая война, но хотелось бы сохранить эффект антонимии, т.е. нужно «зеркальное» прилагательное для перевода a war of choice. Необязательная война, по-моему, не годится. На мой взгляд, предпочтителен несколько тяжеловесный, но точный вариант война, которой можно [ было] избежать (кстати, так называлась книга Е.М. Примакова о первой войне в Заливе). Тогда a war of necessity – неизбежная война. И все же перевод высказывания Вольфовица не так прост. Может быть, так: Но после 11 сентября у нас уже не было выбора – этой войны просто нельзя было избежать. Возможно и сохранение антонимии в лаконичном варианте: ...война стала для нас не выбором, а обязанностью.
    •• Интересно словосочетание a war president. Пример из статьи Дж. Уилла в Washington Post A War President’s Job:
    •• Since Sept. 11, 2001, Americans have been told that they are at war. They have not been told what sacrifices, material and emotional, they must make to sustain multiple regime changes and nation-building projects. Telling such truths is part of the job description of a war president.
    •• Поскольку варианты военный президент (или президент войны) и президент страны, находящейся в состоянии войны не подходят (один неверен, другой слишком длинен), приходится остановиться на варианте президент военного времени. Кстати, встречается и wartime president:
    •• Bush must now choose if he will be a wartime president like his father – or unlike his father and like Ronald Reagan. (www.americasvoices.org)
    •• Сам Буш предпочитает war president, так что мы имеем дело, по крайней мере отчасти, с «самоназванием»:
    •• Mr Bush said he was a “ war president” and the top issue for voters should be the use of American power in the world. <...> “I’m a war president. I make decisions here in the Oval Office in foreign policy matters with war on my mind,” he said. (BBC) -«Я президент военного времени. Сидя в Овальном кабинете и принимая решения по внешней политике, я должен учитывать, что идет война».

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > war of necessity

  • 10 not

    adverb

    he is not a doctor — er ist kein Arzt

    2) in ellipt. phrs. nicht

    not at all — überhaupt nicht; (in polite reply to thanks) keine Ursache; gern geschehen

    not that [I know of] — nicht, dass [ich wüsste]

    3) in emphat. phrs.

    not... but... — nicht..., sondern...

    not a moment — nicht ein od. kein einziger Augenblick

    not a thing — gar nichts

    not a few/everybody — nicht wenige/jeder

    not once or or nor twice, but... — nicht nur ein- oder zweimal, sondern...

    * * *
    [not]
    1) ((often abbreviated to n't) a word used for denying, forbidding, refusing, or expressing the opposite of something: I did not see him; I didn't see him; He isn't here; Isn't he coming?; They told me not to go; Not a single person came to the party; We're going to London, not Paris; That's not true!) nicht
    2) (used with certain verbs such as hope, seem, believe, expect and also with be afraid: `Have you got much money?' `I'm afraid not'; `Is he going to fail his exam?' `I hope not'.) nicht
    •
    - academic.ru/117547/not_at_all">not at all
    * * *
    [nɒt, AM nɑ:t]
    adv inv
    1. after aux vb nicht
    I do \not [or don't] want to go ich will nicht gehen
    it's \not [or isn't] unusual das ist nicht ungewöhnlich
    isn't she beautiful? ist sie nicht schön?
    it's cold, is it \not [or isn't it]? es ist kalt, nicht [wahr] [o meinst du nicht auch]?
    you do \not [or don't] like him, do you? du magst ihn nicht, nicht wahr?
    3. before n kein, nicht
    it's a girl, \not a boy es ist ein Mädchen, kein Junge
    it's John, \not Peter es ist John, nicht Peter
    4. before infin nicht
    he's asked me \not to do it er hat mich gebeten, es nicht zu tun
    \not all children like swimming nicht alle Kinder schwimmen gerne
    6. before pron nicht
    \not me! ich nicht!
    7. (less than) keine(r, s), weniger als
    the deer was \not 20 feet away from us der Hirsch stand weniger als 20 Fuß von uns entfernt
    she left \not two minutes before you sie ist keine zwei Minuten vor dir gegangen
    8. before adj, adv (meaning opposite) nicht
    \not always nicht immer
    \not happy/natural nicht glücklich/natürlich
    \not much nicht viel
    he's \not bad-looking er sieht nicht schlecht aus
    I was \not exactly thrilled ich war nicht gerade begeistert
    10. (substituting negative) nicht
    I hope \not! ich hoffe nicht!
    11. ( esp hum fam: contradicting previous) [aber] denkste! fam
    that was the best meal I've ever had — \not! das war das beste Essen, das ich jemals gegessen habe — haha!
    12.
    ▶ \not at all! (polite answer) überhaupt nicht!; (when thanked) nicht der Rede wert!, gern geschehen!; (denying vehemently) überhaupt nicht!
    ▶ \not because..., but because... nicht weil..., sondern weil...
    ▶ \not just [or merely] [or simply] ... nicht nur [o einfach]...
    ▶ \not up to much nicht besonders
    ▶ \not only... but also... nicht nur..., sondern auch...
    ▶ \not that... nicht dass...
    \not that I mind, but why didn't you phone yesterday? nicht dass es mir was ausmacht, aber warum hast du gestern nicht angerufen?
    * * *
    [nɒt]
    adv

    he told me not to come/not to do that —

    that's how not to do it — so sollte man es nicht machen

    he was wrong in not making a protest — es war falsch von ihm, nicht zu protestieren

    not wanting to be heard, he... —

    2) (emphatic) nicht

    not a sound/word etc — kein Ton/Wort etc, nicht EIN Ton/Wort etc

    not a sign of... — keine Spur von...

    not one of them — kein Einziger, nicht einer

    not a thing —

    not so (as reply) —

    3)

    (in tag or rhetorical questions) is it not? — es ist heiß, nicht wahr or nicht? (inf)

    isn't it hot? — (es ist) heiß, nicht wahr?, ist das vielleicht heiß!

    isn't he naughty! — ist er nicht frech?, (er ist) ganz schön frech, nicht! (inf)

    you are coming, aren't you or are you not? — Sie kommen doch, oder?

    you have got it, haven't you? — Sie haben es doch, oder?, Sie haben es, nicht wahr?

    do you not? — das gefällt dir, nicht (wahr)?

    you are not angry, are you? — Sie sind nicht böse, oder?

    4) (as substitute for clause) nicht

    is he coming? – I hope/I believe not — kommt er? – ich hoffe/glaube nicht

    he's decided not to do it – I should think/hope not — er hat sich entschlossen, es nicht zu tun – das möchte ich auch meinen/hoffen

    5)

    (elliptically) are you cold? – not at all — ist dir kalt? – überhaupt or gar nicht

    thank you very much – not at all — vielen Dank – keine Ursache or gern geschehen

    not in the least — überhaupt or gar nicht, nicht im Geringsten

    not that I care — nicht, dass es mir etwas ausmacht(e)

    not that I know of — nicht, dass ich wüsste

    it's not that I don't believe him — ich glaube ihm ja, es ist ja nicht so, dass ich ihm nicht glaube

    * * *
    not [nɒt; US nɑt] adv
    1. nicht: → yet A 1, A 2
    2. not a kein(e):
    not a few nicht wenige
    3. not that … nicht, dass …; nicht als ob …Besondere Redewendungen: I think not ich glaube nicht;
    I know not obs oder poet ich weiß (es) nicht;
    it is wrong, is it not ( oder isn’t it)? es ist falsch, nicht wahr?;
    he is not an Englishman er ist kein Engländer;
    not if I know it nicht, wenn es nach mir geht
    * * *
    adverb
    2) in ellipt. phrs. nicht

    not at all — überhaupt nicht; (in polite reply to thanks) keine Ursache; gern geschehen

    not that [I know of] — nicht, dass [ich wüsste]

    3) in emphat. phrs.

    not... but... — nicht..., sondern...

    not a moment — nicht ein od. kein einziger Augenblick

    not a few/everybody — nicht wenige/jeder

    not once or or nor twice, but... — nicht nur ein- oder zweimal, sondern...

    * * *
    (as) yet expr.
    bisher (noch)
    nicht ausdr. adv.
    nicht adv. n.
    Knäuel - n.

    English-german dictionary > not

  • 11 not

    [nɒt, Am nɑ:t] adv
    1) after aux vb nicht;
    I do \not [or don't] want to go ich will nicht gehen;
    it's \not [or isn't] unusual das ist nicht ungewöhnlich;
    isn't she beautiful? ist sie nicht schön?
    it's cold, is it \not [or isn't it] ? es ist kalt, nicht [wahr] [o meinst du nicht auch] ?;
    you do \not [or don't] like him, do you? du magst ihn nicht, nicht wahr?
    3) before noun kein, nicht;
    it's a girl, \not a boy es ist ein Mädchen, kein Junge;
    it's John, \not Peter es ist John, nicht Peter
    he's asked me \not to do it er hat mich gebeten, es nicht zu tun
    \not all children like swimming nicht alle Kinder schwimmen gerne
    6) before pronoun nicht;
    \not me! ich nicht!
    7) ( less than) keine(r, s), weniger als;
    the deer was \not 20 feet away from us der Hirsch stand weniger als 20 Fuß von uns entfernt;
    she left \not two minutes before you sie ist keine zwei Minuten vor dir gegangen
    8) before adj, adv ( meaning opposite) nicht;
    \not always nicht immer;
    \not happy/ natural nicht glücklich/natürlich;
    \not much nicht viel
    (hum, iron: emphasizing opposite) nicht;
    he's \not bad-looking er sieht nicht schlecht aus;
    I was \not exactly thrilled ich war nicht gerade begeistert
    I hope \not! ich hoffe nicht!;
    11) (esp hum fam: contradicting previous) [aber] denkste! ( fam)
    that was the best meal I've ever had - \not! das war das beste Essen, das ich jemals gegessen habe - haha!
    PHRASES:
    \not at all! ( polite answer) überhaupt nicht!;
    ( when thanked) nicht der Rede wert!, gern geschehen!;
    ( denying vehemently) überhaupt nicht!;
    \not up to much nicht besonders;
    \not only... but also... nicht nur..., sondern auch...;
    \not just [or merely] [or simply] ... nicht nur [o einfach]...;
    \not because..., but because... nicht weil..., sondern weil...;
    \not that... nicht dass...;
    \not that I mind, but why didn't you phone yesterday? nicht dass es mir was ausmacht, aber warum hast du gestern nicht angerufen?

    English-German students dictionary > not

  • 12 not only (also)

    не только …, но и … ; как … так и …

    Not only was she engaged to be married, the wedding day had been set … when suddenly, without rhyme or reason, she breaks the whole thing off in favour of a total stranger. (A. J. Cronin, ‘The Judas Tree’, part II, ch. V) — Моя дочь не только была обручена, но и был назначен даже день ее свадьбы … И вдруг совершенно неожиданно, как говорится, ни с того ни с сего она все порвала, причем ради совершенно незнакомого человека.

    Today they enjoy much more freedom and societal acceptance: not only are they not imprisoned for their actions, many of them hold prominent positions in business. Not only was he rude, but he also smelled awful! Not only do they have diamonds at Murfrrrsboro, they also have fossas. Not only must what goes on in the sweating session be kept secret but if possible the existence of the practice itself. Грузия не только не хочет воевать с Россией, но и старается найти возможности сближения с ней (из интервью председателя парламента Грузии «Независимой газете»). — Not only does Georgia not want a war with Russia, it seeks ways of rapprochement with it / Far from wanting a war with Russia, Georgia is looking for ways toward a rapprochement with it. Not only is it thin, but it can be produced in larger sizes.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > not only (also)

  • 13 not only (also)

    не только …, но и … ; как … так и …

    Not only was she engaged to be married, the wedding day had been set … when suddenly, without rhyme or reason, she breaks the whole thing off in favour of a total stranger. (A. J. Cronin, ‘The Judas Tree’, part II, ch. V) — Моя дочь не только была обручена, но и был назначен даже день ее свадьбы … И вдруг совершенно неожиданно, как говорится, ни с того ни с сего она все порвала, причем ради совершенно незнакомого человека.

    Today they enjoy much more freedom and societal acceptance: not only are they not imprisoned for their actions, many of them hold prominent positions in business. Not only was he rude, but he also smelled awful! Not only do they have diamonds at Murfrrrsboro, they also have fossas. Not only must what goes on in the sweating session be kept secret but if possible the existence of the practice itself. Грузия не только не хочет воевать с Россией, но и старается найти возможности сближения с ней (из интервью председателя парламента Грузии «Независимой газете»). — Not only does Georgia not want a war with Russia, it seeks ways of rapprochement with it / Far from wanting a war with Russia, Georgia is looking for ways toward a rapprochement with it. Not only is it thin, but it can be produced in larger sizes.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > not only (also)

  • 14 not the only pebble on the beach

    ≈ на этом (на нём, на ней и т. д.) свет клином не сошёлся

    Boanerges: "...Though as an old Republican I have no respect for the Majesty as a King, I have a great respect for him as a Strong Man. But he is not the only pebble on the beach. Why not have done with this superstition of monarchy, and bring the British Commonwealth into line with all the other great Powers today as a republic?" (B. Shaw, ‘The Apple Cart’, act II) — Бонерджес: "...Хотя, как старый республиканец, я не испытываю уважения к его величеству как к королю, я уважаю его как сильного человека. Но он не единственный кандидат в диктаторы. Почему бы нам не разделаться с монархическими предрассудками и не привести Британскую империю в соответствие со всеми остальными великими державами, то есть учредить республиканский образ правления?"

    He often forgot that she was Egyptian, and he ought to be reminded occasionally that the English weren't the only pebbles on the beach. (J. Aldridge, ‘The Last Exile’, ch. XLIX) — Джолли часто забывал, что Элен тоже египтянка, и время от времени приходилось ему напоминать, что на англичанах свет клином не сошелся.

    That she was only a kid... Not old enough to realize she wasn't the only pebble on the beach. (R. Greenwood, ‘Mr. Bunting at War’, ch. XIII) — Жюли просто девчонка... Сосунок, а воображает, что кроме нее нет девушек на свете.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > not the only pebble on the beach

  • 15 war chest

    сущ.
    1. средства на войну
    2. средства для какой-либо определенной цели (на кампанию и т. п.)

    But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the ‘war chest’.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > war chest

  • 16 not publicly accountable enterprises

    publicly accountable enterprises: not publicly accountable enterprises ACC, POL nicht öffentlich rechenschaftspflichtige Unternehmen npl, nicht zu öffentlicher Rechenschaft verpflichtete Unternehmen npl (EuK- und IASB-Vorschlag für ein Kriterium zur ‚praktikablen’ Abgrenzung solcher kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen = KMU = SMEs, die bis auf Weiteres nicht in eine sog. ‚vereinfachte’ Version der IFRS-Rechnungslegung einbezogen werden sollen, wie es für den Großteil der KMU ab ca. 2011 vorgeschlagen wird; die aufwändige IFRS-Rechnungslegung war bisher EU-weit ausschließlich für Konzernbilanzen kapitalmarktorientierter Unternehmen verpflichtend, für Publikumsgesellschaften mit breit gestreutem Aktienkapital und geringem Einfluss der Aktionäre auf die Geschäftsführung, nicht für Klein- und Mittelstandsunternehmen)

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > not publicly accountable enterprises

  • 17 not mince matters

    не смягчать/выбирать выражения; говорить без обиняков

    The new president didn't mince matters and declared that the country was facing the threat of war.

    He didn't mince matters — he just told her she was useless.

    Англо-русский словарь идиом и фразовых глаголов > not mince matters

  • 18 not long before

    незадолго до; незадолго до того, как; недавно

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > not long before

  • 19 was not businesslike

    • war nicht geschäftsmäßig

    English-German correspondence dictionary > was not businesslike

  • 20 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

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